Chapter 21.
21. Of the eternal election, by which God has predestinated some to
salvation, and others to destruction.

    The divisions of this chapter are,—I. The necessity and
utility of the doctrine of eternal Election explained. Excessive
curiosity restrained, sec. l, 2. II. Explanation to those who
through false modesty shun the doctrine of Predestination, sec. 3,
4. III. The orthodox doctrine expounded.
    
Sections.

l. The doctrine of Election and Predestination. It is useful,
    necessary, and most sweet. Ignorance of it impairs the glory of
    God, plucks up humility by the roots, begets and fosters pride.
    The doctrine establishes the certainty of salvation, peace of
    conscience, and the true origin of the Church. Answer to two
    classes of men: 1. The curious.
2. A sentiment of Augustine confirmed by an admonition of our Savior
    and a passage of Solomon.
3. An answer to a second class, viz., those who are unwilling that
    the doctrine should be adverted to. An objection founded on a
    passage of Solomon, solved by the words of Moses.
4. A second objection, viz., That this doctrine is a stumbling-block
    to the profane. Answer 1. The same may be said of many other
    heads of doctrine. 2. The truth of God will always defend
    itself. Third objection, viz., That this doctrine is dangerous
    even to believers. Answer 1. The same objection made to
    Augustine. 2. We must not despise anything that God has
    revealed. Arrogance and blasphemy of such objections.
5. Certain cavils against the doctrine. 1. Prescience regarded as
    the cause of predestination. Prescience and predestination
    explained. Not prescience, but the good pleasure of God the
    cause of predestination. This apparent from the gratuitous
    election of the posterity of Abraham and the rejection of all
    others.
6. Even of the posterity of Abraham some elected and others rejected
    by special grace.
7. The Apostle shows that the same thing has been done in regard to
    individuals under the Christian dispensation.

    1. The covenant of life is not preached equally to all, and
among those to whom it is preached, does not always meet with the
same reception. This diversity displays the unsearchable depth of
the divine judgment, and is without doubt subordinate to God's
purpose of eternal election. But if it is plainly owing to the mere
pleasure of God that salvation is spontaneously offered to some,
while others have no access to it, great and difficult questions
immediately arise, questions which are inexplicable, when just views
are not entertained concerning election and predestination. To many
this seems a perplexing subject, because they deem it most
incongruous that of the great body of mankind some should be
predestinated to salvation, and others to destruction. How
ceaselessly they entangle themselves will appear as we proceed. We
may add, that in the very obscurity which deters them, we may see
not only the utility of this doctrine, but also its most pleasant
fruits. We shall never feel persuaded as we ought that our salvation
flows from the free mercy of God as its fountain, until we are made
acquainted with his eternal election, the grace of God being
illustrated by the contrast, viz., that he does not adopt all
promiscuously to the hope of salvation, but gives to some what he
denies to others. It is plain how greatly ignorance of this
principle detracts from the glory of God, and impairs true humility.
But though thus necessary to be known, Paul declares that it cannot
be known unless God, throwing works entirely out of view, elect
those whom he has predestined. His words are, "Even so then at this
present time also, there is a remnant according to the election of
grace. And if by grace, then it is no more of works: otherwise grace
is no more grace. But if it be of works, then it is no more grace:
otherwise work is no more work," (Rom. 11: 6.) If to make it appear
that our salvation flows entirely from the good mercy of God, we
must be carried back to the origin of election, then those who would
extinguish it, wickedly do as much as in them lies to obscure what
they ought most loudly to extol, and pluck up humility by the very
roots. Paul clearly declares that it is only when the salvation of a
remnant is ascribed to gratuitous election, we arrive at the
knowledge that God saves whom he wills of his mere good pleasure,
and does not pay a debt, a debt which never can be due. Those who
preclude access, and would not have any one to obtain a taste of
this doctrine, are equally unjust to God and men, there being no
other means of humbling us as we ought, or making us feel how much
we are bound to him. Nor, indeed, have we elsewhere any sure ground
of confidence. This we say on the authority of Christ, who, to
deliver us from all fear, and render us invincible amid our many
dangers, snares and mortal conflicts, promises safety to all that
the Father has taken under his protection, (John 10: 26.) From this
we infer, that all who know not that they are the peculiar people of
God, must be wretched from perpetual trepidation, and that those
therefore, who, by overlooking the three advantages which we have
noted, would destroy the very foundation of our safety, consult ill
for themselves and for all the faithful. What? Do we not here find
the very origin of the Church, which, as Bernard rightly teaches,
(Serm. in Cantic.) could not be found or recognized among the
creatures, because it lies hid (in both cases wondrously) within the
lap of blessed predestination, and the mass of wretched
condemnation?
    But before I enter on the subject, I have some remarks to
address to two classes of men. The subject of predestination, which
in itself is attended with considerable difficulty is rendered very
perplexed and hence perilous by human curiosity, which cannot be
restrained from wandering into forbidden paths and climbing to the
clouds determined if it can that none of the secret things of God
shall remain unexplored. When we see many, some of them in other
respects not bad men, every where rushing into this audacity and
wickedness, it is necessary to remind them of the course of duty in
this matter. First, then, when they inquire into predestination, let
then remember that they are penetrating into the recesses of the
divine wisdom, where he who rushes forward securely and confidently,
instead of satisfying his curiosity will enter in inextricable
labyrinth. For it is not right that man should with impunity pry
into things which the Lord has been pleased to conceal within
himself, and scan that sublime eternal wisdom which it is his
pleasure that we should not apprehend but adore, that therein also
his perfections may appear. Those secrets of his will, which he has
seen it meet to manifest, are revealed in his word—revealed in so
far as he knew to be conducive to our interest and welfare.
    2. "We have come into the way of faith," says Augustine: "let
us constantly adhere to it. It leads to the chambers of the king, in
which are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. For our
Lord Jesus Christ did not speak invidiously to his great and most
select disciples when he said, 'I have yet many things to say unto
you, but ye cannot bear them now,' (John 16: 12.) We must walk,
advance, increase, that our hearts may be able to comprehend those
things which they cannot now comprehend. But if the last day shall
find us making progress, we shall there learn what here we could
not," (August. Hom. in Joann.) If we give due weight to the
consideration, that the word of the Lord is the only way which can
conduct us to the investigation of whatever it is lawful for us to
hold with regard to him—is the only light which can enable us to
discern what we ought to see with regard to him, it will curb and
restrain all presumption. For it will show us that the moment we go
beyond the bounds of the word we are out of the course, in darkness,
and must every now and then stumble, go astray, and fall. Let it,
therefore, be our first principle that to desire any other knowledge
of predestination than that which is expounded by the word of God,
is no less infatuated than to walk where there is no path, or to
seek light in darkness. Let us not be ashamed to be ignorant in a
matter in which ignorance is learning. Rather let us willingly
abstain from the search after knowledge, to which it is both foolish
as well as perilous, and even fatal to aspire. If an unrestrained
imagination urges us, our proper course is to oppose it with these
words, "It is not good to eat much honey: so for men to search their
own glory is not glory," (Prov. 25: 27.) There is good reason to
dread a presumption which can only plunge us headlong into ruin.
    3. There are others who, when they would cure this disease,
recommend that the subject of predestination should scarcely if ever
be mentioned, and tell us to shun every question concerning it as we
would a rock. Although their moderation is justly commendable in
thinking that such mysteries should be treated with moderation, yet
because they keep too far within the proper measure, they have
little influence over the human mind, which does not readily allow
itself to be curbed. Therefore, in order to keep the legitimate
course in this matter, we must return to the word of God, in which
we are furnished with the right rule of understanding. For Scripture
is the school of the Holy Spirit, in which as nothing useful and
necessary to be known has been omitted, so nothing is taught but
what it is of importance to know. Every thing, therefore delivered
in Scripture on the subject of predestination, we must beware of
keeping from the faithful, lest we seem either maliciously to
deprive them of the blessing of God, or to accuse and scoff at the
Spirit, as having divulged what ought on any account to be
suppressed. Let us, I say, allow the Christian to unlock his mind
and ears to all the words of God which are addressed to him,
provided he do it with this moderation, viz., that whenever the Lord
shuts his sacred mouth, he also desists from inquiry. The best rule
of sobriety is, not only in learning to follow wherever God leads,
but also when he makes an end of teaching, to cease also from
wishing to be wise. The danger which they dread is not so great that
we ought on account of it to turn away our minds from the oracles of
God. There is a celebrated saying of Solomon, "It is the glory of
God to conceal a thing," (Prov. 25: 2.) But since both piety and
common sense dictate that this is not to be understood of every
thing, we must look for a distinction, lest under the pretence of
modesty and sobriety we be satisfied with a brutish ignorance. This
is clearly expressed by Moses in a few words, "The secret things
belong unto the Lord our God: but those things which are revealed
belong unto us, and to our children for ever," (Deut. 29: 29.) We
see how he exhorts the people to study the doctrine of the law in
accordance with a heavenly decree, because God has been pleased to
promulgate it, while he at the same time confines them within these
boundaries, for the simple reason that it is not lawful for men to
pry into the secret things of God.
    4. I admit that profane men lay hold of the subject of
predestination to carp, or cavil, or snarl, or scoff. But if their
petulance frightens us, it will be necessary to conceal all the
principal articles of faith, because they and their fellows leave
scarcely one of them unassailed with blasphemy. A rebellious spirit
will display itself no less insolently when it hears that there are
three persons in the divine essence, than when it hears that God
when he created man foresaw every thing that was to happen to him.
Nor will they abstain from their jeers when told that little more
than five thousand years have elapsed since the creation of the
world. For they will ask, Why did the power of God slumber so long
in idleness? In short, nothing can be stated that they will not
assail with derision. To quell their blasphemies, must we say
nothing concerning the divinity of the Son and Spirit? Must the
creation of the world be passed over in silence? No! The truth of
God is too powerful, both here and everywhere, to dread the slanders
of the ungodly, as Augustine powerfully maintains in his treatise,
De Bono Perseverantiae, (cap. 14—20.) For we see that the false
apostles were unable, by defaming and accusing the true doctrine of
Paul, to make him ashamed of it. There is nothing in the allegation
that the whole subject is fraught with danger to pious minds, as
tending to destroy exhortation, shake faith, disturb and dispirit
the heart. Augustine disguises not that on these grounds he was
often charged with preaching the doctrine of predestination too
freely, but, as it was easy for him to do, he abundantly refutes the
charge. As a great variety of absurd objections are here stated, we
have thought it best to dispose of each of them in its proper place,
(see chap. 23.) Only I wish it to be received as a general rule,
that the secret things of God are not to be scrutinized, and that
those which he has revealed are not to be overlooked, lest we may,
on the one hand, be chargeable with curiosity, and, on the other,
with ingratitude. For it has been shrewdly observed by Augustine,
(de Genesi ad Literam, Lib. 5,) that we can safely follow Scripture,
which walks softly, as with a mother's step, in accommodation to our
weakness. Those, however, who are so cautious and timid, that they
would bury all mention of predestination in order that it may not
trouble weak minds, with what color, pray, will they cloak their
arrogance, when they indirectly charge God with a want of due
consideration, in not having foreseen a danger for which they
imagine that they prudently provide? Whoever, therefore, throws
obloquy on the doctrine of predestination, openly brings a charge
against God, as having inconsiderately allowed something to escape
from him which is injurious to the Church.
    5. The predestination by which God adopts some to the hope of
life, and adjudges others to eternal death, no man who would be
thought pious ventures simply to deny; but it is greatly caviled at,
especially by those who make prescience its cause. We, indeed,
ascribe both prescience and predestination to God; but we say, that
it is absurd to make the latter subordinate to the former, (see
chap. 22 sec. 1.) When we attribute prescience to God, we mean that
all things always were, and ever continue, under his eye; that to
his knowledge there is no past or future, but all things are
present, and indeed so present, that it is not merely the idea of
them that is before him, (as those objects are which we retain in
our memory,) but that he truly sees and contemplates them as
actually under his immediate inspection. This prescience extends to
the whole circuit of the world, and to all creatures. By
predestination we mean the eternal decree of God, by which he
determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to
every man. All are not created on equal terms, but some are
preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and,
accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these
ends, we say that he has been predestinated to life or to death.
This God has testified, not only in the case of single individuals;
he has also given a specimen of it in the whole posterity of
Abraham, to make it plain that the future condition of each nation
lives entirely at his disposal: "When the Most High divided to the
nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he
set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children
of Israel. For the Lord's portion is his people; Jacob is the lot of
his inheritance," (Deut. 32: 8, 9.) The separation is before the
eyes of all; in the person of Abraham, as in a withered stock, one
people is specially chosen, while the others are rejected; but the
cause does not appear, except that Moses, to deprive posterity of
any handle for glorying, tells them that their superiority was owing
entirely to the free love of God. The cause which he assigns for
their deliverance is, "Because he loved thy fathers, therefore he
chose their seed after them," (Deut. 4: 37;) or more explicitly in
another chapter, "The Lord did not set his love upon you, nor choose
you, because you were more in number than any people: for ye were
the fewest of all people: but because the Lord loved you," (Deut. 7:
7, 8.) He repeatedly makes the same intimations, "Behold, the
heaven, and the heaven of heavens is the Lord's thy God, the earth
also, with all that therein is. Only the Lord had a delight in thy
fathers to love them, and he chose their seed after them," (Deut.
10: 14, 15.) Again, in another passage, holiness is enjoined upon
them, because they have been chosen to be a peculiar people; while
in another, love is declared to be the cause of their protection,
(Deut. 23: 5.) This, too, believers with one voice proclaim, "He
shall choose our inheritance for us, the excellency of Jacob, whom
he loved," (Ps. 47: 4.) The endowments with which God had adorned
them, they all ascribe to gratuitous love, not only because they
knew that they had not obtained them by any merit, but that not even
was the holy patriarch endued with a virtue that could procure such
distinguished honor for himself and his posterity. And the more
completely to crush all pride, he upbraids them with having merited
nothing of the kind, seeing they were a rebellious and stiff-necked
people, (Deut. 9: 6.) Often, also, do the prophets remind the Jews
of this election by way of disparagement and opprobrium, because
they had shamefully revolted from it. Be this as it may, let those
who would ascribe the election of God to human worth or merit come
forward. When they see that one nation is preferred to all others,
when they hear that it was no feeling of respect that induced God to
show more favor to a small and ignoble body, nay, even to the wicked
and rebellious, will they plead against him for having chosen to
give such a manifestation of mercy? But neither will their
obstreperous words hinder his work, nor will their invectives, like
stones thrown against heaven, strike or hurt his righteousness; nay,
rather they will fall back on their own heads. To this principle of
a free covenant, moreover, the Israelites are recalled whenever
thanks are to be returned to God, or their hopes of the future to be
animated. "The Lord he is God," says the Psalmist; "it is he that
has made us, and not we ourselves: we are his people, and the sheep
of his pasture," (Ps. 100: 3; 95: 7.) The negation which is added,
"not we ourselves," is not superfluous, to teach us that God is not
only the author of all the good qualities in which men excel, but
that they originate in himself, there being nothing in them worthy
of so much honor. In the following words also they are enjoined to
rest satisfied with the mere good pleasure of God: "O ye seed of
Abraham, his servant; ye children of Jacob, his chosen," (Ps. 105:
6.) And after an enumeration of the continual mercies of God as
fruits of election, the conclusion is, that he acted thus kindly
because he remembered his covenant. With this doctrine accords the
song of the whole Church, "They got not the land in possession by
their own sword, neither did their own arm save them; but thy right
hand, and thine arm, and the light of thy countenance, because thou
hadst a favor unto them," (Ps. 44: 3.) It is to be observed, that
when the land is mentioned, it is a visible symbol of the secret
election in which adoption is comprehended. To like gratitude David
elsewhere exhorts the people, "Blessed is the nation whose God is
the Lord, and the people whom he has chosen for his own
inheritance," (Ps. 33: 12.) Samuel thus animates their hopes, "The
Lord will not forsake his people for his great name's sake: because
it has pleased the Lord to make you his people," (1 Sam. 12: 22.)
And when David's faith is assailed, how does he arm himself for the
battle? "Blessed is the man whom thou choosest, and causes to
approach unto thee, that he may dwell in thy courts," (Ps. 65: 4.)
But as the hidden election of God was confirmed both by a first and
second election, and by other intermediate mercies, Isaiah thus
applies the terms "The Lord will have mercy on Jacob, and will yet
choose Israel," (Isa. 14: 1.) Referring to a future period, the
gathering together of the dispersion, who seemed to have been
abandoned, he says, that it will be a sign of a firm and stable
election, notwithstanding of the apparent abandonment. When it is
elsewhere said, "I have chosen thee, and not cast thee away," (Isa.
41: 9,) the continual course of his great liberality is ascribed to
paternal kindness. This is stated more explicitly in Zechariah by
the angel, the Lord "shall choose Jerusalem again," as if the
severity of his chastisements had amounted to reprobation, or the
captivity had been an interruption of election, which, however,
remains inviolable, though the signs of it do not always appear.
    6. We must add a second step of a more limited nature, or one
in which the grace of God was displayed in a more special form, when
of the same family of Abraham God rejected some, and by keeping
others within his Church showed that he retained them among his
sons. At first Ishmael had obtained the same rank with his brother
Isaac, because the spiritual covenant was equally sealed in him by
the symbol of circumcision. He is first cut off, then Esau, at last
an innumerable multitude, almost the whole of Israel. In Isaac was
the seed called. The same calling held good in the case of Jacob.
God gave a similar example in the rejection of Saul. This is also
celebrated in the psalm, "Moreover he refused the tabernacle of
Joseph, and chose not the tribe of Ephraim: but chose the tribe of
Judah," (Ps. 78: 67, 68.) This the sacred history sometimes repeats
that the secret grace of God may be more admirably displayed in that
change. I admit that it was by their own fault Ishmael, Esau, and
others, fell from their adoption; for the condition annexed was,
that they should faithfully keep the covenant of God, whereas they
perfidiously violated it. The singular kindness of God consisted in
this, that he had been pleased to prefer them to other nations; as
it is said in the psalm, "He has not dealt so with any nation: and
as for his judgments, they have not known them," (Ps. 147: 20.) But
I had good reason for saying that two steps are here to be observed;
for in the election of the whole nation, God had already shown that
in the exercise of his mere liberality he was under no law but was
free, so that he was by no means to be restricted to an equal
division of grace, its very inequality proving it to be gratuitous.
Accordingly, Malachi enlarges on the ingratitude of Israel, in that
being not only selected from the whole human race, but set
peculiarly apart from a sacred household; they perfidiously and
impiously spurn God their beneficent parent. "Was not Esau Jacob's
brother? saith the Lord: yet I loved Jacob, and I hated Esau," (Mal.
1: 2, 3.) For God takes it for granted, that as both were the sons
of a holy father, and successors of the covenant, in short, branches
from a sacred root, the sons of Jacob were under no ordinary
obligation for having been admitted to that dignity; but when by the
rejection of Esau the first born, their progenitor though inferior
in birth was made heir, he charges them with double ingratitude, in
not being restrained by a double tie.
    7. Although it is now sufficiently plain that God by his secret
counsel chooses whom he will while he rejects others, his gratuitous
election has only been partially explained until we come to the case
of single individuals, to whom God not only offers salvation, but so
assigns it, that the certainty of the result remains not dubious or
suspended. These are considered as belonging to that one seed of
which Paul makes mention, (Rom. 9: 8; Gal. 3: 16, &c.) For although
adoption was deposited in the hand of Abraham, yet as many of his
posterity were cut off as rotten members, in order that election may
stand and be effectual, it is necessary to ascend to the head in
whom the heavenly Father has connected his elect with each other,
and bound them to himself by an indissoluble tie. Thus in the
adoption of the family of Abraham, God gave them a liberal display
of favor which he has denied to others; but in the members of Christ
there is a far more excellent display of grace, because those
ingrafted into him as their head never fail to obtain salvation.
Hence Paul skillfully argues from the passage of Malachi which I
quoted, (Rom. 9: 13; Mal. 1: 2,) that when God, after making a
covenant of eternal life, invites any people to himself, a special
mode of election is in part understood, so that he does not with
promiscuous grace effectually elect all of them. The words, "Jacob
have I loved," refer to the whole progeny of the patriarch, which
the prophet there opposes to the posterity of Esau. But there is
nothing in this repugnant to the fact, that in the person of one man
is set before us a specimen of election, which cannot fail of
accomplishing its object. It is not without cause Paul observes,
that these are called a remnants (Rom. 9: 27; 11: 5;) because
experience shows that of the general body many fall away and are
lost, so that often a small portion only remains. The reason why the
general election of the people is not always firmly ratified,
readily presents itself, viz., that on those with whom God makes the
covenant, he does not immediately bestow the Spirit of regeneration,
by whose power they persevere in the covenant even to the end. The
external invitation, without the internal efficacy of grace which
would have the effect of retaining them, holds a kind of middle
place between the rejection of the human race and the election of a
small number of believers. The whole people of Israel are called the
Lord's inheritance, and yet there were many foreigners among them.
Still, because the covenant which God had made to be their Father
and Redeemer was not altogether null, he has respect to that free
favor rather than to the perfidious defection of many; even by them
his truth was not abolished, since by preserving some residue to
himself, it appeared that his calling was without repentance. When
God ever and anon gathered his Church from among the sons of Abraham
rather than from profane nations, he had respect to his covenant,
which, when violated by the great body, he restricted to a few, that
it might not entirely fail. In short, that common adoption of the
seed of Abraham was a kind of visible image of a greater benefit
which God deigned to bestow on some out of many. This is the reason
why Paul so carefully distinguishes between the sons of Abraham
according to the flesh and the spiritual sons who are called after
the example of Isaac. Not that simply to be a son of Abraham was a
vain or useless privilege, (this could not be said without insult to
the covenant,) but that the immutable counsel of God, by which he
predestinated to himself whomsoever he would, was alone effectual
for their salvation. But until the proper view is made clear by the
production of passages of Scripture, I advise my readers not to
prejudge the question. We say, then, that Scripture clearly proves
this much, that God by his eternal and immutable counsel determined
once for all those whom it was his pleasure one day to admit to
salvation, and those whom, on the other hand, it was his pleasure to
doom to destruction. We maintain that this counsel, as regards the
elect, is founded on his free mercy, without any respect to human
worth, while those whom he dooms to destruction are excluded from
access to life by a just and blameless, but at the same time
incomprehensible judgment. In regard to the elect, we regard calling
as the evidence of election, and justification as another symbol of
its manifestation, until it is fully accomplished by the attainment
of glory. But as the Lord seals his elect by calling and
justification, so by excluding the reprobate either from the
knowledge of his name or the sanctification of his Spirit, he by
these marks in a manner discloses the judgment which awaits them. I
will here omit many of the fictions which foolish men have devised
to overthrow predestination. There is no need of refuting objections
which the moment they are produced abundantly betray their
hollowness. I will dwell only on those points which either form the
subject of dispute among the learned, or may occasion any difficulty
to the simple, or may be employed by impiety as specious pretexts
for assailing the justice of God.